I.The Status of Actual Confusion as a Factor in Determining Trademark Infringement

II.The Need for Evidence of Actual Confusion and Quantum of Proof Necessary to Establish Actual Confusion

A.Evidence of Actual Confusion is Not Required
B.The Significance of an Absence of Evidence of Actual Confusion
C.Extent of Actual Confusion Needed and Quantum of Proof Necessary to Establish Actual Confusion

III.Assessing the Value of Evidence of Actual Confusion

A.Types of Evidence of Actual Confusion
B.Determining Whose Confusion is Relevant and to What Degree
C.Assessing Shortcomings in Evidence of Actual Confusion

IV.Approaches to Evidence of Actual Confusion

A.Burden Shifting and Presumptions
B.Totality of the Circumstances
C.Value of the Evidence

V.A Multi-Factor Test for Valuing Evidence of Actual Confusion

A.Quality of the Evidence
B.Types of Evidence
C.Categories of Persons
D.Level of Care
E.Level of Sophistication and Intelligence
F.Degree of Confusion
G.Duration, Extent, and Nature of Coexisting Uses
H.Ability to Gather Evidence of Confusion
I.Quantity of Incidents

VI.Conclusion