I.Introduction

II.Universalizing the Three-Step Test: A Historical Perspective

A.At the International Level
B.At the Regional and National Levels
C.Summary

III.Three-Step Test's Chilling Effects

A.The First Prong
B.The Second Prong
C.The Third Prong

IV.The Creative Destruction of the Three-Step Test

A.Accommodating the Open Texture of Copyright Limitations
B.Taking Users' Human Rights Seriously
C.Taking Copyright Holder's Social Responsibilities Seriously

V.Conclusions